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The basic concept of neoantigen in cancer Note from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WT5iDPG0K0&t=102s New antigen of cancer cells but not expressed in wild-type tissue (normal tissue).. Most forms are indel, but some can be frameshift mutations. From the observations, the neoantigens are hydrophobic in nature, thus, they tend to aggregate. Many good reasons for using immunotherapy • Neoantigen is not highly expressed and it is not self-antigen. Thus, it is very immunogenic. • Once neoantigen is formed -- low chances to be remutated, thus less antigenic escape -- this is due to its mutated state facilitating the tumor growth. • Neoantigen therapeutics tend to target multiple neoantigens  simultaneously. Avoiding possibility of immune escape • Each neoantigen can be matched to specific TCR’s -- thus, the immune response could be analyzed  in vitro before being used in a possible therapeutic. Personalized cancer vaccine (PCV) • Specific to the patient ○ Taking ...

Note for: The therapeutic significance of mutational signatures from DNA repair deficiency in cancer doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05228-y Computational analysis on PAN cancer has revealed mutational patterns which could identify cancer types. Development of DNA repair deficiency biomarkers -- critical to determine therapeutic choice to treat repair-deficient tumours -- those therapeutic choices could be damaging agents/immunotherapy for personalized medicine In the post genomics era which sequencing tech is cheap -- there have been huge amounts of study of the sequencing of genetic instability and DNa repair deficiency in cancer. Phenotypic changes of defective DNA repair pathway can be detected through the sequencing data. Study of mutational pattern changes and copy number changes can be used to portray mutational contribution to genomic instability. 2/3 of mutation in cancers occur from error in replication Passenger mutations Not relate to oncogenesis Driver mutations Drive oncogenesis ...