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Note: Apoptosis induced by a human milk protein Doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.8064 Overall Human milk is surprisingly beneficial for killing cancer cells. Analysis of this effect revealed that a component of milk in a particular physical state- multimeric a-lactalbumin -is a potent Ca2+-elevating and apoptosis-inducing agent with broad (selective in some extent) cytotoxic activity. Multimeric alpha lactabumin Killed  transformed cells Embryonic cells Lymphoid cells Not kill Mature epithelial cells Thus, they mentioned that human milk not only contain the ability to kill microbes but maintain the function of lymphocytes and epithelium (I think they mean to keep the balance between two populations -- lymphocytes and epithelial cells) Analysing the cytotoxic mechanism aids to design antitumor agents. From the experiments; they noticed that the components within the breast milk can change the morphology of transformed cells which look like apoptosis. Active component was later identified as ...

Note for: Molecular mechanisms of etoposide (doi: 10.17179/excli2015-561) TopoII - introducing transient breaks in the DNA molecule. involved in fundamental biological processes such as DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair and chromatin remodeling. A tyrosine in the active site of the enzyme initiates the first transesterification and forms a covalent adduct with the phosphate in the backbone of the DNA molecule. TopoII can perform three kinds of reactions while DNA relaxation is in common to TopoI, catenation/decatenation and knotting/unknotting are TopoII specific. Etoposide poisons the TopoII cleavage complexes (TopoIIcc) and inhibits the second step of the reaction (i.e. DNA religation). Mammals have two TopoII isoenzymes, TopoIIa and beta that are differently regulated during cell growth. TopoIIalpha is a proliferation marker and is greatly elevated in tumor cells, beta isoenzyme is present in proliferating as well as postmitotic cells (cell not devide anymo...

Note: p38 inhibitor inhibits the apoptosis of cowanin-treated human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4353) Cowanin is pure cmp. from Garcinia cowa (Chamuay); Crude extract from tree; 1. antitimor activity 2. inflmmation induction 3. antibacterial activity 4. anti-inflammatory activity 5. antimalarial activity Purpose of this study, 1. effects of cowanin on apoptosis induction 2. effect on apoptosis-related protein kinase 3.mitogen-activated protein kinase Target cell line -- LoVo human colorectal cancer cell line Assay test; 1. MTT assay (viability assay) 2. Nuclear morphological change by Hoe staining 3. Mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 staining Cowanin inhibits cell proliferation and induced cell dead via apoptosis pw. Cowanin induce all apoptotic related molecules through MAPK and Akt signaling pw. Therefore, the author suggested that cowanin might be a good candidate to treat colorectal cancer. T...

Paper: RNF43 interacts with NEDL1 and regulates p53-mediated transcription (doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.082) Abstract part: 1.ubiquitination proteasome is involved with oncogenesis in colon 2.stability of b-catenin (oncogene for colon carcinoma) is degraded by ubiquitin system 3.RNF43 is highly expressed and promote cell growth Gap: The role of RNF43 in carcinogenesis is not clear Result: -Using yeast two hybrid identify NEDD-4-like ubiquitin-protein ligase-1 (NEDL1) which bind to the RNF43 -Binding - enhance pro-apoptotic activity by p53 - RNF43 interacts with p53;      *  suppress the TF activity in H1299 Cell (cells have a homozygous partial deletion of the p53 protein -- making the cell proliferate indefinitely)      *  reduce apoptosis induced by UV -RNF43 is associated with p53-mediated apoptosis with collaboration of NEDL1 in colorectal carcinogenesis --- Intro: 1.Cytotoxic of most chemotherapeutic drugs is o...